Introduction:
In today’s world, Science and Technology play a pivotal role in shaping society, economy, and human development. As part of various competitive examinations like UPSC, SSC, NDA, Railways, and State PSC, a strong foundation in General Knowledge (GK) related to Science and Technology is essential. This article presents over 200 carefully curated Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) on Science and Technology with accurate answers and one-liner explanations. Whether you’re preparing for government exams or just enhancing your knowledge, this resource will serve as a valuable tool.
All the information has been sourced from authentic websites such as NASA, Britannica, NCERT textbooks, and official government education portals.
Science and Technology MCQs – Part 1 (1–100)
1. Q: What is the SI unit of electric current?
A: Ampere
Explanation: The ampere (A) is the SI unit of electric current.
2. Q: Which planet is known as the Red Planet?
A: Mars Explanation: Mars appears red due to iron oxide on its surface.
3. Q: Who discovered the neutron?
A: James Chadwick Explanation: He discovered the neutron in 1932 through experiments involving beryllium radiation.
4. Q: What is the chemical symbol for gold?
A: Au Explanation: From Latin Aurum, meaning gold.
5. Q: Which gas do plants absorb during photosynthesis?
A: Carbon dioxide Explanation: CO₂ is absorbed by plants to produce glucose and oxygen.
6. Q: What is the full form of DNA?
A: Deoxyribonucleic Acid Explanation: DNA carries genetic instructions for living organisms.
7. Q: What is the hardest natural substance on Earth?
A: Diamond Explanation: Made entirely of carbon atoms arranged in a crystal lattice.
8. Q: Who is considered the father of modern computer science?
A: Alan Turing Explanation: He laid the foundation for theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence.
9. Q: Which acid is found in vinegar?
A: Acetic acid Explanation: Vinegar is a dilute solution of acetic acid.
10. Q: What is the study of fossils called?
A: Paleontology Explanation: It helps understand life forms that existed millions of years ago.
11. Q: Which part of the eye controls the size of the pupil?
A: Iris Explanation: The iris adjusts the pupil size based on light intensity.
12. Q: Which gas is most abundant in Earth’s atmosphere?
A: Nitrogen Explanation: About 78% of the atmosphere is nitrogen.
13. Q: What is the boiling point of water at standard atmospheric pressure?
A: 100°C Explanation: At sea level, water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
14. Q: Which element is represented by the symbol ‘Fe’?
A: Iron Explanation: Fe comes from the Latin word Ferrum.
15. Q: What does CPU stand for in computers?
A: Central Processing Unit Explanation: It is the brain of the computer where most calculations occur.
16. Q: Which vitamin is synthesized by the body when exposed to sunlight?
A: Vitamin D Explanation: UV rays help skin synthesize Vitamin D from cholesterol.
17. Q: What is the function of hemoglobin in blood?
A: Transport oxygen Explanation: Hemoglobin binds to oxygen in the lungs and releases it in tissues.
18. Q: Which instrument measures atmospheric pressure?
A: Barometer Explanation: Used in weather forecasting and altitude measurement.
19. Q: Which type of mirror is used in vehicle headlights?
A: Concave mirror Explanation: It focuses light into a strong beam.
20. Q: What is the main component of biogas?
A: Methane Explanation: Biogas is produced from organic waste and contains methane as a major constituent.
21. Q: Which law states that every action has an equal and opposite reaction?
A: Newton’s Third Law Explanation: Fundamental principle of motion.
22. Q: Which part of the plant conducts photosynthesis?
A: Leaf Explanation: Chlorophyll in leaves captures sunlight for photosynthesis.
23. Q: What is the atomic number of oxygen?
A: 8 Explanation: Oxygen has 8 protons in its nucleus.
24. Q: Which scientist proposed the theory of relativity?
A: Albert Einstein Explanation: His theory revolutionized understanding of space, time, and gravity.
25. Q: What is the term for animals that give birth to live young ones?
A: Viviparous Explanation: Opposite of oviparous, which lays eggs.
26. Q: Which metal is liquid at room temperature?
A: Mercury Explanation: Mercury remains liquid at temperatures above -38.83°C.
27. Q: Which planet has the Great Red Spot?
A: Jupiter Explanation: A giant storm on Jupiter observed for centuries.
28. Q: What is the SI unit of force?
A: Newton Explanation: Named after Sir Isaac Newton.
29. Q: Which organ filters blood in the human body?
A: Kidney Explanation: Removes waste and excess substances from blood.
30. Q: What is the process of separation of cream from milk called?
A: Centrifugation Explanation: Uses centrifugal force to separate heavier particles.
31. Q: Which part of the brain controls voluntary actions?
A: Cerebrum Explanation: Largest part of the brain responsible for thinking and movement.
32. Q: What is the full form of HTTPS?
A: Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure Explanation: Secures data transfer between browsers and servers.
33. Q: Which acid is present in lemon?
A: Citric acid Explanation: Gives citrus fruits their sour taste.
34. Q: What is the smallest bone in the human body?
A: Stapes Explanation: Found in the middle ear.
35. Q: Which country launched the first artificial satellite?
A: Soviet Union Explanation: Sputnik 1 was launched in 1957.
36. Q: What is the function of white blood cells?
A: Fight infections Explanation: Part of the immune system protecting against pathogens.
37. Q: What is the chemical formula of water?
A: H₂O Explanation: Two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
38. Q: Which lens is used to correct myopia?
A: Concave lens Explanation: Helps focus light correctly on the retina.
39. Q: What is the unit of frequency?
A: Hertz Explanation: Measures cycles per second.
40. Q: Which enzyme is involved in digestion of proteins?
A: Pepsin Explanation: Secreted by the stomach to break down proteins.
41. Q: What is the full form of RAM?
A: Random Access Memory Explanation: Temporary memory used by the computer while running programs.
42. Q: Which part of the plant absorbs water and minerals from soil?
A: Roots Explanation: Root hairs increase absorption surface area.
43. Q: Which element is a good conductor of electricity?
A: Copper Explanation: Widely used in electrical wiring.
44. Q: Which disease is caused by deficiency of Vitamin C?
A: Scurvy Explanation: Leads to bleeding gums and joint pain.
45. Q: What is the speed of light in vacuum?
A: 3 × 10⁸ m/s Explanation: Fastest known speed in the universe.
46. Q: Which planet is known as Earth’s twin?
A: Venus Explanation: Similar in size and mass to Earth.
47. Q: What is the function of the ozone layer?
A: Absorbs harmful UV rays Explanation: Protects life from ultraviolet radiation.
48. Q: Which part of the cell is called the powerhouse?
A: Mitochondria Explanation: Produces ATP, the energy currency of the cell.
49. Q: What is the full form of AI?
A: Artificial Intelligence Explanation: Simulates human intelligence in machines.
50. Q: Which gas is filled in electric bulbs?
A: Argon Explanation: Inert gas prevents filament oxidation.
51. Q: What is the SI unit of work?
A: Joule Explanation: Equal to one newton-meter.
52. Q: Which vitamin is essential for blood clotting?
A: Vitamin K Explanation: Required for synthesis of clotting factors.
53. Q: Which animal is known as the ship of the desert?
A: Camel Explanation: Adapted to survive long periods without water.
54. Q: Which instrument is used to measure humidity?
A: Hygrometer Explanation: Measures moisture content in air.
55. Q: What is the color of copper sulfate crystals?
A: Blue Explanation: Due to presence of water of crystallization.
56. Q: Which element has the highest melting point?
A: Tungsten Explanation: Melts at around 3422°C.
57. Q: What is the pH value of pure water?
A: 7 Explanation: Neutral on the pH scale.
58. Q: Which part of the brain regulates body temperature?
A: Hypothalamus Explanation: Maintains homeostasis including temperature control.
59. Q: What is the full form of URL?
A: Uniform Resource Locator Explanation: Identifies web addresses on the internet.
60. Q: Which organelle contains chlorophyll?
A: Chloroplast Explanation: Site of photosynthesis in plant cells.
61. Q: What is the freezing point of water?
A: 0°C Explanation: At standard atmospheric pressure.
62. Q: Which hormone regulates blood sugar levels?
A: Insulin Explanation: Produced by the pancreas.
63. Q: Which gas is responsible for global warming?
A: Carbon dioxide Explanation: Traps heat in the atmosphere causing greenhouse effect.
64. Q: What is the full form of LASER?
A: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Explanation: Emits coherent and focused light beams.
65. Q: Which part of the plant helps in respiration?
A: Stomata Explanation: Tiny pores on leaves for gaseous exchange.
66. Q: Which scientist is known for the laws of motion?
A: Isaac Newton Explanation: Formulated three fundamental laws of classical mechanics.
67. Q: Which disease is caused by Plasmodium parasite?
A: Malaria Explanation: Transmitted through mosquito bites.
68. Q: Which acid is present in ant stings?
A: Formic acid Explanation: Causes irritation and pain.
69. Q: Which planet has rings around it?
A: Saturn Explanation: Most prominent ring system among planets.
70. Q: What is the full form of WWW?
A: World Wide Web Explanation: Information system accessed via the internet.
71. Q: Which part of the brain controls heartbeat and breathing?
A: Medulla oblongata Explanation: Located in the hindbrain.
72. Q: What is the chemical name of baking soda?
A: Sodium bicarbonate Explanation: Used in cooking and fire extinguishers.
73. Q: Which gas is evolved when metal reacts with acid?
A: Hydrogen Explanation: Metal displaces hydrogen from acids.
74. Q: What is the SI unit of power?
A: Watt Explanation: One joule per second.
75. Q: Which organism is used in making bread?
A: Yeast Explanation: Ferments sugars to produce carbon dioxide.
76. Q: What is the main source of solar energy?
A: Nuclear fusion Explanation: Sun produces energy by fusing hydrogen into helium.
77. Q: Which part of the plant grows towards gravity?
A: Root Explanation: Exhibits positive geotropism.
78. Q: Which vitamin is essential for vision?
A: Vitamin A Explanation: Required for formation of visual pigments.
79. Q: Which gas is used in refrigerators?
A: Freon Explanation: Commonly used refrigerant in older models.
80. Q: What is the function of antibodies in the body?
A: Fight antigens Explanation: Proteins produced by immune system to neutralize pathogens.
81. Q: What is the full form of GPS?
A: Global Positioning System Explanation: Provides location and time information anywhere on Earth.
82. Q: Which part of the flower develops into fruit?
A: Ovary Explanation: After fertilization, ovary matures into fruit.
83. Q: Which gas is released during respiration?
A: Carbon dioxide Explanation: Byproduct of cellular respiration.
84. Q: What is the unit of resistance?
A: Ohm Explanation: Measured using an ohmmeter.
85. Q: Which enzyme breaks down starch into sugar?
A: Amylase Explanation: Present in saliva and pancreas.
86. Q: Which scientist discovered penicillin?
A: Alexander Fleming Explanation: Revolutionized treatment of bacterial infections.
87. Q: What is the full form of PDF?
A: Portable Document Format Explanation: Preserves document formatting across platforms.
88. Q: Which planet rotates clockwise?
A: Venus Explanation: Unique rotation direction compared to other planets.
89. Q: Which disease is caused by deficiency of iodine?
A: Goitre Explanation: Enlargement of thyroid gland.
90. Q: What is the full form of USB?
A: Universal Serial Bus Explanation: Standard interface for connecting peripherals.
91. Q: Which part of the eye gives it color?
A: Iris Explanation: Pigmentation determines eye color.
92. Q: Which acid is present in gastric juice?
A: Hydrochloric acid Explanation: Helps digest food in the stomach.
93. Q: Which bird can fly backward?
A: Hummingbird Explanation: Only bird capable of sustained hovering and backward flight.
94. Q: Which element is used in pencils?
A: Graphite Explanation: Soft allotrope of carbon used in writing instruments.
95. Q: What is the function of the liver?
A: Detoxifies chemicals Explanation: Also produces bile and stores glycogen.
96. Q: Which scientist is associated with the invention of the telephone?
A: Alexander Graham Bell Explanation: Patented the first practical telephone in 1876.
97. Q: Which part of the plant carries water and minerals upward?
A: Xylem Explanation: Conducts water from roots to leaves.
98. Q: Which vitamin is known as niacin?
A: Vitamin B3 Explanation: Important for metabolism and skin health.
99. Q: What is the full form of HTML?
A: HyperText Markup Language Explanation: Standard language for creating web pages.
100. Q: Which part of the brain controls balance and posture?
A: Cerebellum Explanation: Located below the cerebrum.
Science and Technology MCQs – Part 2 (101–200)
101. Q: Which gas is responsible for acid rain?
A: Sulfur dioxide Explanation: Reacts with water vapor to form sulfuric acid.
102. Q: Which instrument is used to measure earthquake intensity?
A: Seismograph Explanation: Records ground movements caused by earthquakes.
103. Q: What is the main cause of rusting of iron?
A: Oxidation Explanation: Reaction with oxygen and moisture.
104. Q: Which planet is closest to the Sun?
A: Mercury Explanation: Smallest and fastest planet.
105. Q: Which part of the cell contains hereditary material?
A: Nucleus Explanation: Controls all cellular activities.
106. Q: Which scientist proposed the theory of evolution?
A: Charles Darwin Explanation: Published “On the Origin of Species” in 1859.
107. Q: Which device converts mechanical energy into electrical energy?
A: Dynamo Explanation: Works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
108. Q: Which acid is found in tamarind?
A: Tartaric acid Explanation: Used in food preparation and cleaning agents.
109. Q: Which part of the plant helps in seed dispersal?
A: Fruit Explanation: Fruits protect seeds and aid in their spread.
110. Q: What is the function of red blood cells?
A: Carry oxygen Explanation: Contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen.
111. Q: Which organization governs space research in India?
A: ISRO Explanation: Indian Space Research Organisation.
112. Q: Which vitamin is required for healthy bones?
A: Vitamin D Explanation: Enhances calcium absorption.
113. Q: Which part of the brain is responsible for speech?
A: Cerebrum Explanation: Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas are involved.
114. Q: What is the SI unit of magnetic field strength?
A: Tesla Explanation: Named after Nikola Tesla.
115. Q: Which element is the most electronegative?
A: Fluorine Explanation: Has the strongest tendency to attract electrons.
116. Q: Which disease is caused by virus?
A: Influenza Explanation: Caused by influenza viruses.
117. Q: Which part of the plant is modified into tendrils in pea plants?
A: Leaves Explanation: Help in climbing support.
118. Q: What is the function of insulin hormone?
A: Regulates blood sugar Explanation: Facilitates glucose uptake by cells.
119. Q: Which gas is used in balloons?
A: Helium Explanation: Lighter than air and non-reactive.
120. Q: Which scientist discovered radioactivity?
A: Henri Becquerel Explanation: Accidentally discovered uranium salts emit radiation.
121. Q: Which part of the body produces insulin?
A: Pancreas Explanation: Contains beta cells that secrete insulin.
122. Q: What is the full form of Wi-Fi?
A: Wireless Fidelity Explanation: Allows devices to connect to internet wirelessly.
123. Q: Which part of the plant helps in vegetative propagation?
A: Stem Explanation: Examples include potato tubers and sugarcane cuttings.
124. Q: Which planet has the largest moon in the solar system?
A: Jupiter Explanation: Ganymede is Jupiter’s largest moon.
125. Q: What is the chemical formula of sodium chloride?
A: NaCl Explanation: Common salt.
126. Q: Which disease is caused by deficiency of Vitamin B1?
A: Beriberi Explanation: Affects nervous system and heart.
127. Q: Which part of the brain is involved in learning and memory?
A: Hippocampus Explanation: Crucial for forming new memories.
128. Q: What is the full form of HTTP?
A: Hypertext Transfer Protocol Explanation: Foundation of data communication on the web.
129. Q: Which acid is present in spinach?
A: Oxalic acid Explanation: Can interfere with calcium absorption.
130. Q: Which part of the body removes urea from blood?
A: Kidneys Explanation: Urea is excreted in urine.
131. Q: What is the SI unit of capacitance?
A: Farad Explanation: Named after Michael Faraday.
132. Q: Which scientist discovered the electron?
A: J.J. Thomson Explanation: Through cathode ray tube experiments.
133. Q: Which part of the plant helps in transpiration?
A: Stomata Explanation: Water evaporates through stomatal openings.
134. Q: Which vitamin is also known as cobalamin?
A: Vitamin B12 Explanation: Essential for nerve function and red blood cell production.
135. Q: Which part of the brain controls hunger and thirst?
A: Hypothalamus Explanation: Regulates basic survival functions.
136. Q: What is the function of adrenaline hormone?
A: Prepares body for fight or flight Explanation: Released during stress or danger.
137. Q: Which gas is used in welding?
A: Acetylene Explanation: Burns with oxygen to produce high-temperature flame.
138. Q: Which part of the plant shows phototropism?
A: Shoot Explanation: Grows towards light.
139. Q: What is the full form of LCD?
A: Liquid Crystal Display Explanation: Common display technology for screens.
140. Q: Which scientist is known for the discovery of radio waves?
A: Heinrich Hertz Explanation: Confirmed existence of electromagnetic waves.
141. Q: Which disease is caused by deficiency of Vitamin D?
A: Rickets Explanation: Bone-softening condition in children.
142. Q: Which part of the flower protects it in the bud stage?
A: Sepals Explanation: Outermost whorl of the flower.
143. Q: Which element is used in nuclear reactors as fuel?
A: Uranium Explanation: U-235 undergoes fission to release energy.
144. Q: What is the full form of OLED?
A: Organic Light Emitting Diodes Explanation: Used in advanced display technologies.
145. Q: Which part of the body produces growth hormone?
A: Pituitary gland Explanation: Known as the “master gland” of the endocrine system.
146. Q: Which gas is responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer?
A: Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Explanation: Released from aerosols and refrigerants.
147. Q: Which part of the brain is responsible for coordination of muscular activity?
A: Cerebellum Explanation: Ensures smooth and precise movements.
148. Q: What is the full form of DVD?
A: Digital Versatile Disc Explanation: Optical storage medium for data and media.
149. Q: Which part of the plant performs respiration?
A: All living cells Explanation: Every cell requires energy for functioning.
150. Q: Which scientist invented the lightning rod?
A: Benjamin Franklin Explanation: Demonstrated lightning is electrical and designed protection.
151. Q: Which part of the eye contains the visual receptors?
A: Retina Explanation: Contains rods and cones for vision.
152. Q: Which vitamin is required for blood coagulation?
A: Vitamin K Explanation: Essential for synthesizing clotting proteins.
153. Q: Which part of the plant helps in asexual reproduction?
A: Vegetative parts Explanation: Includes stems, roots, and leaves.
154. Q: What is the SI unit of inductance?
A: Henry Explanation: Named after Joseph Henry.
155. Q: Which part of the brain is affected in Parkinson’s disease?
A: Substantia nigra Explanation: Degeneration leads to dopamine deficiency.
156. Q: Which gas is used in neon signs?
A: Neon Explanation: Emits bright red-orange light when electrified.
157. Q: Which part of the body produces testosterone?
A: Testes Explanation: Primary male sex hormones.
158. Q: Which part of the plant is used in grafting?
A: Stem Explanation: Scion and stock are joined together.
159. Q: Which scientist is known for the discovery of X-rays?
A: Wilhelm Roentgen Explanation: Awarded Nobel Prize for this discovery.
160. Q: Which part of the brain is responsible for hearing?
A: Temporal lobe Explanation: Contains auditory cortex.
161. Q: Which part of the body produces estrogen?
A: Ovaries Explanation: Primary female sex hormone.
162. Q: What is the function of platelets in blood?
A: Clot formation Explanation: Prevent excessive bleeding.
163. Q: Which part of the plant helps in anchoring?
A: Roots Explanation: Anchor the plant and absorb nutrients.
164. Q: Which part of the brain is responsible for facial recognition?
A: Fusiform gyrus Explanation: Specialized area for identifying faces.
165. Q: Which part of the body produces thyroxine?
A: Thyroid gland Explanation: Regulates metabolism.
166. Q: Which part of the plant is modified into spines in cactus?
A: Leaves Explanation: Reduce water loss and provide defense.
167. Q: Which part of the brain is affected in Alzheimer’s disease?
A: Hippocampus Explanation: Memory-related region degenerates.
168. Q: Which part of the body produces glucagon?
A: Pancreas Explanation: Increases blood sugar levels.
169. Q: Which part of the plant helps in seed germination?
A: Embryo Explanation: Develops into new plant under favorable conditions.
170. Q: Which part of the body produces adrenaline?
A: Adrenal glands Explanation: Situated above the kidneys.
171. Q: Which part of the brain is responsible for emotions?
A: Limbic system Explanation: Includes amygdala and hippocampus.
172. Q: Which part of the plant helps in nutrient storage?
A: Roots Explanation: Some roots like carrots store food.
173. Q: Which part of the brain controls involuntary actions?
A: Medulla oblongata Explanation: Manages heart rate, breathing, etc.
174. Q: Which part of the body produces cortisol?
A: Adrenal glands Explanation: Stress hormone involved in fight-or-flight response.
175. Q: Which part of the plant is modified into traps in insectivorous plants?
A: Leaves Explanation: Capture insects for nutrition.
176. Q: Which part of the brain is responsible for reasoning?
A: Frontal lobe Explanation: Involved in decision-making and problem-solving.
177. Q: Which part of the body produces progesterone?
A: Ovaries Explanation: Maintains pregnancy and menstrual cycle.
178. Q: Which part of the plant helps in pollination?
A: Flower Explanation: Attracts pollinators with colors and scent.
179. Q: Which part of the brain is responsible for speech production?
A: Broca’s area Explanation: Located in frontal lobe.
180. Q: Which part of the body produces melatonin?
A: Pineal gland Explanation: Regulates sleep-wake cycle.
181. Q: Which part of the plant helps in asexual reproduction in yeast?
A: Budding Explanation: New individuals grow as outgrowths.
182. Q: Which part of the brain interprets sensory signals?
A: Thalamus Explanation: Relay station for sensory information.
183. Q: Which part of the body produces prolactin?
A: Pituitary gland Explanation: Stimulates milk production in mammary glands.
184. Q: Which part of the plant helps in sexual reproduction?
A: Flower Explanation: Contains reproductive structures.
185. Q: Which part of the brain is responsible for processing sound?
A: Temporal lobe Explanation: Contains auditory cortex.
186. Q: Which part of the body produces oxytocin?
A: Pituitary gland Explanation: Stimulates labor contractions and lactation.
187. Q: Which part of the plant helps in vegetative propagation in Bryophyllum?
A: Leaf Explanation: Notches on leaf margins develop into new plants.
188. Q: Which part of the brain is responsible for recognizing touch?
A: Parietal lobe Explanation: Processes tactile sensations.
189. Q: Which part of the body produces calcitonin?
A: Thyroid gland Explanation: Regulates calcium levels in blood.
190. Q: Which part of the plant helps in reproduction in Spirogyra?
A: Conjugation Explanation: Sexual mode of reproduction.
191. Q: Which part of the brain is responsible for planning and judgment?
A: Prefrontal cortex Explanation: Higher-order cognitive functions.
192. Q: Which part of the body produces aldosterone?
A: Adrenal glands Explanation: Regulates sodium and potassium balance.
193. Q: Which part of the plant helps in reproduction in Hydra?
A: Budding Explanation: Asexual reproduction method.
194. Q: Which part of the brain is responsible for recognizing smell?
A: Olfactory bulb Explanation: Processes olfactory signals.
195. Q: Which part of the body produces gastrin?
A: Stomach Explanation: Stimulates secretion of gastric juice.
196. Q: Which part of the plant helps in reproduction in yeast?
A: Budding Explanation: Reproduction through small outgrowths.
197. Q: Which part of the brain is responsible for recognizing taste?
A: Gustatory cortex Explanation: Processes taste signals.
198. Q: Which part of the body produces secretin?
A: Small intestine Explanation: Stimulates pancreatic juice secretion.
199. Q: Which part of the plant helps in reproduction in Rhizopus?
A: Spores Explanation: Asexual reproduction through sporangia.
200. Q: Which part of the brain is responsible for recognizing sight?
A: Occipital lobe Explanation: Contains visual cortex.
Conclusion:
This comprehensive list of Science and Technology MCQs covers a wide range of topics from physics, chemistry, biology, computer science, and space science. These questions are designed to enhance your General Knowledge (GK) and assist in competitive exam preparation such as UPSC, SSC, Railways, NDA, and state-level PSC exams.
Make sure to practice these regularly, understand the concepts behind each question, and revise often for better retention. Stay updated with the latest developments in science and technology for holistic learning.
Disclaimer:
The information provided in this article is compiled from various reliable sources including academic publications, government websites, and educational portals. While we strive to ensure accuracy, no responsibility is accepted for any errors or omissions. Readers are encouraged to cross-check facts before relying on them for examinations or professional purposes.